A Late-Holocene palynological record of coastal ecological change and climate variability from Apalachicola, Florida, U.S.A

This study uses radiometric dating, palynological, loss-on-ignition, and X-ray fluorescence analyses to reconstruct the vegetation history and coastal morphological changes at the boreal mangrove range limit along the Gulf of Mexico, based on three sediment cores taken from St. George Island, Apalachicola, Florida, USA. The multi-proxy record indicates that the mangrove stands in the vicinity of St. George Island were formed in the recent decades, and no signs of mangroves were found for the last 1500 years during the Late-Holocene in the sedimentary record. The current mangrove expansion at St. George Island is caused by the recent climate warming instead of a recurring phenomenon tied with cyclical global climate variability. Further analysis based on decadal-scale climatic and environmental records reveal that the accelerated sea-level rise and warmer winters, especially the decrease of winter freeze events in the 21st century, are the most plausible causes for mangrove expansion at their boreal range limit during the recent decades. Under the predicted warming trend and accelerating sea-level rise in the 21st century, it is reasonable to believe that mangrove encroachment into coastal marshes will accelerate at Apalachicola and other areas near their poleward range limits.