Review Article: Wound healing by functional compounds of Echinodermata, Spirulina and chitin products: A review

Wound healing in humans and animals, occurs with a completely complex and advanced mechanism of stages: inflammation, proliferation, repair and regeneration. So far, many health and financial costs have been incurred in human society due to a lack of timely repairs. Therefore, in modern knowledge to heal all kinds of wounds, reduce repair time and prevent infection, much consideration is paid to the use of natural treatment methods and the use of biological science. In the meantime, seas have opened up a wide range of natural medicines for us. If new pharmacological findings show positive results from aquatic effects such as sea cucumber, sea urchin, starfish, algae and their products such as alginate and chitosan, they can be introduced as antibacterial, anti-coagulant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-parasitic, anti-viral, antiprotozoan and anti-fungal compounds. Correspondence S. Kakoolaki, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran (e-mail: bsh443@gmail.com). In these products, many repair factors have been proven such as prevention of wounds from infections caused by bacterial, fungal and viral microorganisms, ease of use of the product, cheapness and availability, the ability to clean secretions and protect the skin, prevent the growth of granular tissue and repair fast without allergenic reactions. According to studies, Seaderived products may increase proinflammatory factors and inhibit inflammatory factors, thereby enhancing wound healing. These factors increase the production of cytokines in wound sites. By increasing the command of phagocytic cells, cytokines cleanse the wound and prevent infection. In addition, stimulation of keratinocyte migration to wound edges, proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts, and regulation of extracellular matrix proteins are mediated by the release of extra cytokines and growth factors.