Reactive Interfaces in Direct Numerical Simulation of Pore-Scale Processes

Darcy-scale simulation of geochemical reactive transport has proven to be a useful tool to gain mechanistic understanding of the evolution of the subsurface environment under natural or human-induced conditions. At this scale, however, the porous medium is typically conceptualized as a continuum with bulk parameters that characterize its physical and chemical properties based on the assumption that all phases coexist in each point in space. In contrast, the pore scale can be defined as the largest spatial scale at which it is possible to distinguish the different fluid and solid phases that make up natural subsurface materials. Because the pore scale directly accounts for the pore-space architecture within which mineral reactions, microbial interactions and multi-component transport play out, it can help explain biogeochemical behavior that is not understood or predicted by considering smaller or larger scales (Fig. 1). Specifically, the nonlinear interaction between the coupled physical and geochemical processes may result in emergent behavior, including changes in permeability, diffusivity, and reactivity that is not captured easily by a Darcy-scale continuum description. Reactive processes in porous media such as microbially mediated reduction–oxidation (Fig. 1) or mineral dissolution–precipitation (Fig. 2) take place at interfaces between fluid and solid phases. Because the different phases are distinguishable at the pore scale, experimental and modeling studies need to consider these interfaces so as to accurately determine reaction rates. An interface is the surface between two phases that differ in their physical state or chemical composition. Depending on the scale of observation, the appearance of the interface can vary. Sharp interfaces are those in which the physical and chemical characteristics change abruptly across the interface. Diffuse interfaces are those in which the characteristics change smoothly over a layer of varying thickness. Reactive processes themselves can change the appearance of the interface. For example, mineral heterogeneity can …