Ocean Affects from Severe Weather Systems in Coastal Areas

Severe weather systems can generate large waves and storm surges which can cause many fatalities in coastal areas. In extreme circumstances a single cyclone caused up to 500,000 fatalities in the Bay of Bengal in 1970. Adaption by authorities in that region from evacuations and construction of storm shelters have significantly reduced the number of such fatalities there. The effects of Hurricane Sandy in 2012 in New York City and surrounding areas is examined to show how ocean effects can cause many casualties. Scrutiny of a European storm shows how a slight error in analysis can fail to detect a deadly increase in intensity which caused many fatalities. World record wave height events are examined, and the historical Australian east coast events are investigated. The impacts from long period waves emanating from distant storms are shown to be a forecasting problem.