How local hemodynamics at the carotid bifurcation influence the development of carotid plaques

A short introduction is given of how fluid dynamics forces and velocity distribution influence the development of plaque in the carotid bifurcation. The flow parameters are discussed. Flow visualization techniques and also laser-Doppler-anemometer measurements demonstrate the importance of the flow. This will be shown in true-to-scale, physiological accurate models of the carotid arteries. These models have the same compliance as the real blood vessel. Some applications are shown e.g. patches, stents and filters. The most important factors are the flow rate ratio and geometry, unsteady pulsatile flow, wall elasticity and non-Newtonian flow behavior of blood.