Translocation of gut microbiota in liver cirrhosis: mechanisms, clinical significance, and markers

This article is an overview of the data on bacterial intestinal translocation. The article reviews changes in the intestinal microbiome, the local physiological barrier, as well as the innate and adaptive immunity characteristics contributing to the liver cirrhosis development and progression. The results of published studies on the assessment of potential bacterial translocation markers (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, lipopolysaccharide, presepsin etc.) and their use to predict infection and mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis are presented. The up-to-date methods to study the intestinal microbiome as well as some directions for future research are also described.