Pulmonary Vein Stenosis in an Infant with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Circulation: Is This Double Trouble?

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) in preterm infants is a rare emerging complication that is associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) which has an unpredictable outcome. Though PVS can be associated with congenital heart defects, its concurrent occurrence in a preterm infant with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) and severe BPD has not been documented yet. This case shows the potential progressive nature of PVS that might have been aggravated by the presence of two disease condition associated with it and the need for heighted vigilance when an unusual clinical trajectory is demonstrated in a high-risk preterm infant.