Glucose Affects the Quality and Properties of Hard Tissue in Diabetes Mellitus Model

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at an increased risk of tooth loss compared to healthy individuals. Although studies human subjects suggest that diabetes control is affected by periodontitis, there is scarce mechanistic evidence supporting its biological plausibility. Therefore, using type 2 DM rat bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMMSCs) were incubated with four concentrations of glucose (5.5, 8.0, 12.0 or 24.0 mM), the effects of different glucose concentrations on BMMSCs stemness and osteogenesis were evaluated. High glucose concentrations decreased the fluorescence intensity of β-actin, STRO-1, CD73 and CD90. Moreover, cell proliferation decreased at high glucose concentrations. Alkaline phosphatase activity was decreased at 12.0 mM and 24.0 mM. In contrast, osteocalcin production and calcium deposition were considerably increased at 24.0 mM. Differences in the calcium/phosphate ratio associated with various glucose concentrations were similar to calcium deposition. The mRNA expression of Runx2 and inflammatory cytokines increased with increasing glucose concentration. The RANKL/OPG ratio decreased at high glucose concentrations. A high glucose concentration increased hard tissue formation, but the quality and stemness of the mineralized tissue decreased. Thus, hard tissue had a high risk of bone resorption in the case of uncontrolled diabetes even if periodontal treatment stabilized state of periodontitis for a moment.