Population differentiation and gene flow of Glaucium flavum (Papaveraceae)

Yellow hornpoppy (Glaucium flavum Crantz.) is a herbaceous plant with gray-green leaves in coastal sands, rocky areas, and heavily eroded soils up to 500 meters above sea level. Glaucium flavum is native to Northern Africa, temperate zones in Western Asia and Europe, and is indigenous to Iran. The plant has been widely recognized for its aporphine-type isoquinoline alkaloids, which are pharmacologically active. Thus, we conducted a combination of morphological and molecular data analysis on such species because of the plant species' relevance. One hundred seven randomly collected plants from 14 natural populations in 5 provinces were evaluated using ISSR markers and morphological traits. The evaluation of molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated significant genetic divergence between the examined populations. It indicated that 25% of overall genetic variability was related to intra-population variety, whereas 75% was due to inter-population genetic differentiation. ISSR primers discovered 156 bands, 139 (83 %) of which have been polymorphic, each primer containing an average of 13 bands. The Polymorphic Bands (PPB) Percentage (ISSR-6) varied from 50% to 100%. (ISSR-1, ISSR-4, and ISSR-5). The average polymorphic information content (PIC), Shannon's information indexes (I), and several effective alleles (Ne) were correspondingly 0.39, 0.26, and 1.2.