Emerging roles for miRNA-based post-transcriptional regulation in neuronal morphogenesis and neurodevelopmental disorders

Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression is required for multiple aspects of neuronal development and function in the central nervous system. A sub-class of small non-coding RNA, called microRNAs (miRNAs), is emerging as key modulators of post-transcriptional gene regulation in numerous tissues, including the nervous system. Recent evidence has revealed a widespread role for miRNAs in various aspects of neuronal morphogenesis, including axogenesis, dendritogenesis, and synapse formation. Furthermore, dysregulation or altered expression of miRNAs has been associated with the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Here, we highlight recent advances in the study of miRNA-based regulation of neuronal development and their implications in neurological disorders.