有害物质对环境污染的威胁——以垃圾填埋场不受控制的火灾为例及减少火灾的措施

Krzysztof Cygańczuk, P. Janik
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引用次数: 3

摘要

目的:本文试图进一步探讨有害物质排放到环境中的相关问题。以2018年波兰发生的两起火灾为例,分别发生在Zgierz的前“Boruta”工厂和Trzebinia的一个垃圾填埋场。通过介绍这一领域现有的测量和测试结果,与会者提请注意需要改进检测和测量有害物质的方法,特别是它们在大气中的扩散。导言:对环境造成的威胁管理不当,包括废物处理,仍然是一个严重的挑战,许多社会,也为欧盟国家,这是世界上最富有的国家之一。废物产生增加,与废物管理(即堆填和回收)有关的成本高昂,造成故意在堆填区纵火的风险,作为免费处置的方法。只有从不诚实的废物所有者的角度来看,它是无成本的,因为长期救援和消防活动的直接成本以及有害物质排放对环境的影响是由社会承担的。此外,在上述最后一个方面,这种处理方法的价格主要是由居住在有关设施附近的人支付的。但不仅如此。如果上述物质通过例如消防用水渗透到土壤和水道中,它们的影响(也是延迟的)也可能影响到许多其他人,例如受污染地区生产的农产品的消费者。研究方法:本文主要采用理论研究方法,包括文献分析法。还分析了参与上述火灾灭火的专门研究单位的研究报告。在经济条件的背景下审查了这些法律文书,并确定了它们对波兰废物管理效率的影响。结论:尽管上述测量存在缺陷,但在火灾区域发现了塑料燃烧过程中释放的特征物质甲苯、苯、乙苯、苯乙烯、甲基苯乙烯、二氧化硫和邻二甲苯等化合物。对地表水样本的分析显示,铜、铝和锑等金属以及蒽、荧光蒽、苯并(b)荧光蒽、苯并(k)荧光蒽、苯并(g、h、i)荧光蒽、石油碳氢化合物和挥发性酚等石油物质的含量超标。此外,土壤中重金属含量也有所升高。上述数据充分说明,有必要拟订一份论文,说明有必要采取更多有系统的行动,以减少垃圾填埋场火灾的次数和规模。描述在波兰所考虑的设施的消防领域所进行的一些活动也将构成本条的问题之一。关键词:危险废物,环境危害,废物管理,火灾控制,废物管理法律法规
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Threat of Environmental Pollution with Harmful Substances, on the Example of Uncontrolled Fires in Landfills and Actions Aimed at Reducing it
Aim: This article attempts to bring closer the issues related to the emission of harmful substances to the environment. The example of two fires that occurred in Poland in 2018 was used – in the former “Boruta” plant in Zgierz and in a landfill in Trzebinia. By presenting the results of measurements and tests available in this field, attention was drawn to the need to improve the methods of detecting and measuring hazardous substances, in particular with regard to their dispersion in the atmosphere. Introduction: The threat to the environment resulting from improper management, including waste disposal, remains a serious challenge for many societies, also for the EU countries, which are among the richest countries in the world. Increased waste generation, high costs related to waste management, i.e. landfilling and recycling, generate the risk of deliberately causing fires in landfills as a method of free disposal. It is cost-free only from the point of view of the dishonest owner of this waste, because the direct costs of long-term rescue and firefighting activities and the effects of the emission of hazardous substances to the environment are borne by the society. In addition, in the last of the aspects mentioned above, the price for this method of disposal is paid primarily by people living in the vicinity of the facilities in question. But not only. In the event of the penetration of the substances mentioned above into the soil and watercourses via e.g. firefighting waters, their impact – also delayed in time – may also affect many other people, e.g. consumers of agricultural products manufactured in the contaminated areas. Methodology: In the article, mainly theoretical research methods were used, including the analysis of literature. Also research reports of specialized research units involved in extinguishing the mentioned fires were analysed. The legal instruments were reviewed against the background of economic conditions and their impact on the efficiency of waste management in Poland was determined. Conclusions: Despite measurement imperfections mentioned above, the presence of the compounds such as toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, methylstyrene, sulfur dioxide and o-xylene, which are characteristic substances released during the combustion of plastics, was found in the fire areas. The analysis of surface water samples showed exceeding the standard levels of metals such as copper, aluminum and antimony, as well as petroleum substances such as anthracene, fluoranthene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene, benzo (g, h, i) fluoranthene, petroleum hydrocarbons and volatile phenols. Moreover, elevated values of heavy metals were found in the soil. The above data fully justify the formulation of a thesis on the need to undertake increased, systemic actions aimed at reducing the number and size of fires in landfills. The description of some activities in the field of fire protection of the considered facilities undertaken in Poland will also constitute one of the issues of this article. Keywords: hazardous waste materials, environmental hazard, waste management, uncontrolled fires, legal regulations in waste management Type of article: review article
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