Algorithms of time: how algorithmic management changes the temporalities of work and prospects for working time reduction

Algorithmic management has a clear potential to reduce time spent at work by increasing efficiency in task allocation and performance, and by replacing some forms of human labour. As a result it should, in theory, advance the implementation of working time reduction policies. Automation of organisational functions indeed increases time-efficiency through the scheduling of work in more finely grained time units, closely matched with demand and the minimising of unproductive periods. This results in atomised and punctuated working time. However, instead of an increase in leisure time, workers who are managed algorithmically experience pressures towards incessant availability. This results in an apparent paradox whereby the time needed to complete paid work shrinks, but the time that must be made available for work expands. This article addresses this puzzle by developing an analytical approach to understanding changes to the temporalities of work ushered by the introduction and expansion of algorithmic management.