自然复杂vs.自然系统

Elias L. Khalil
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引用次数: 27

摘要

我在物理学、生物学和人文科学中对两种同构的自然形态进行了本体论上的区分。第一种类型是“自然复合体”,描述了涉及有机相互作用的有目的的形式。例子包括原子、细胞、器官、生物体、生物体种群、家庭、公司、部落和国家。第二种类型,“自然系统”,描述了涉及地形相互作用的混沌形式。例子包括气候、水湍流、地球动力学、生态系统和股票市场。我考察了将两种自然形态并列的六个维度。就准则而言,自然复合体受“规则”支配,而自然系统受“原则”支配。在相互作用方面,前者是“有机的”,而后者是“地形的”。在排列方面,前者以“配置”为例,而后者以“模式”为例。在空间布置上,前者以“组织”为典型,后者以“结构”为典型。在时间安排方面,前者以“过程”为特征,后者以“动态”为特征。就等级制度而言,前者的特点是“复杂性”,而后者的特点是“复杂性”。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Natural complex vs. natural system

I draw an ontological distinction between two types of natural forms which are isomorphic across physics, biology, and human sciences. The first type, “natural complex,” depicts purposeful forms involved in organic interaction. Examples include atoms, cells, organs, organisms, populations of orgaisms, households, firms, tribes, and nations. The second type, “natural system,” depicts chaotic forms involved in topographic interaction. Examples include climates, water turbulence, geodynamics, ecosystems, and stock markets.

I examine six dimensions which juxtapose the two natural forms. With respect to canons, natural complex is governed by “rules,” while natural system by “principles.” In regards to interaction, the former is “organic,” while the latter “topographic.” In relation to arrangement, the former is exemplified by “configuration,” while the latter by “pattern.” With respect to spatial arrangement, the former is typified by “organization,” while the latter by “structure.” In regards to temporal arrangement, the former is characterized by “process,” while the latter by “dynamics.” In relation to hierarchy, the former is distinguished by “complexity,” while the latter by “complicatedness.”

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