Calculations and ground-based observations of pulsed proton events in the dayside aurora

A procedure is established to evaluate the Balmer excitation rates of Hα and Hβ to produce the corresponding volume emission rates versus height, using semi-empirical range relations of protons in air. The calculations are carried out with identified ion-energy particle spectra of the dayside aurora obtained by low altitude satellites. The calculated emission intensities of Hα and Hβ indicate that they are indeed observable by ground-based optical detection. Measurements of the dayside aurora from Nordlysstasjonen in Adventdalen, Svalbard, are discussed in relation to these calculations. Periodic bursts of auroral Hα and Hβ emissions are observed in the dayside aurora by ground-based photometers and spectrometers. The mean period between proton events is found to be 10 min on average. Furthermore, it is found that when the time between successive bursts decreases, the emission ratio of Hα and Hβ fluctuates indicating a step-like behaviour in the primary initial proton energy.