{"title":"右美托美氯胺酮镇静后异氟醚诱导及维持对猎鹰的麻醉效果","authors":"Eugenio Gaudio , Cristiano Franceschinis , Peter McKinney , Panagiotis Azmanis","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.07.004","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><span>Avian anesthesia can be challenging due to birds’ anatomical and physiological peculiarities. Also, most drug doses and combinations used are empirical. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic quality and physiological changes after dexmedetomidine-ketamine sedation and isoflurane anesthesia in the saker falcon (</span><em>Falco cherrug</em>).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Twelve falcons<span> weighing (mean±standard deviation) 915±175g were included in the study. Pre-sedation heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were assessed. A combination of ketamine (3mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (25µg/kg) was administered intramuscularly. Sedation times were recorded, physiological variables assessed, and various blood parameters measured. Induction was performed with isoflurane at 2% for 2 minutes and anesthesia was maintained at 1%. During maintenance, physiological variables were assessed at 5-minute intervals and blood parameters were re-evaluated before reversal administration. Recovery times were documented. Quality of sedation, maintenance, and recovery were assessed.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Sedation was achieved within 2.9±1.0 minutes and quality of sedation and maintenance were deemed «excellent» in all falcons. HR values decreased during sedation (137±38 <em>versus</em> 99±13 beats per minute; <em>p</em>=0.001) and remained constant during maintenance. No significant differences were seen in RR from pre-sedation values. Mean arterial blood pressure (203±14 <em>versus</em> 168±22mmHg; <em>p</em><0.001) and cloacal temperature (40.3±0.8 <em>versus</em> 38.9±1.0°C; <em>p</em><span><0.001) decreased after induction. Hypoxemia (65.9±6.1mmHg) was observed at sedation but resolved during maintenance, while hypercarbia (54.2±11.5mmHg) and acidemia (7.28±0.036) developed. Full recovery was quick (12.3±3.9minutes).</span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><p>The proposed drug combination provided for high quality sedation, maintenance, and a satisfactory recovery. Nevertheless, alterations in the falcons’ physiology were documented.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5000,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Anesthetic effects of dexmedetomedineketamine sedation followed by isoflurane induction and maintenance in the saker falcon (Falco cherrug)\",\"authors\":\"Eugenio Gaudio , Cristiano Franceschinis , Peter McKinney , Panagiotis Azmanis\",\"doi\":\"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.07.004\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><span>Avian anesthesia can be challenging due to birds’ anatomical and physiological peculiarities. Also, most drug doses and combinations used are empirical. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic quality and physiological changes after dexmedetomidine-ketamine sedation and isoflurane anesthesia in the saker falcon (</span><em>Falco cherrug</em>).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Twelve falcons<span> weighing (mean±standard deviation) 915±175g were included in the study. Pre-sedation heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were assessed. A combination of ketamine (3mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (25µg/kg) was administered intramuscularly. Sedation times were recorded, physiological variables assessed, and various blood parameters measured. Induction was performed with isoflurane at 2% for 2 minutes and anesthesia was maintained at 1%. During maintenance, physiological variables were assessed at 5-minute intervals and blood parameters were re-evaluated before reversal administration. Recovery times were documented. Quality of sedation, maintenance, and recovery were assessed.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Sedation was achieved within 2.9±1.0 minutes and quality of sedation and maintenance were deemed «excellent» in all falcons. HR values decreased during sedation (137±38 <em>versus</em> 99±13 beats per minute; <em>p</em>=0.001) and remained constant during maintenance. No significant differences were seen in RR from pre-sedation values. Mean arterial blood pressure (203±14 <em>versus</em> 168±22mmHg; <em>p</em><0.001) and cloacal temperature (40.3±0.8 <em>versus</em> 38.9±1.0°C; <em>p</em><span><0.001) decreased after induction. Hypoxemia (65.9±6.1mmHg) was observed at sedation but resolved during maintenance, while hypercarbia (54.2±11.5mmHg) and acidemia (7.28±0.036) developed. Full recovery was quick (12.3±3.9minutes).</span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><p>The proposed drug combination provided for high quality sedation, maintenance, and a satisfactory recovery. Nevertheless, alterations in the falcons’ physiology were documented.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":15801,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.5000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-10-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"97\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1557506323000605\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"农林科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q4\",\"JCRName\":\"VETERINARY SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1557506323000605","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"VETERINARY SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
由于鸟类的解剖和生理特性，麻醉可能具有挑战性。此外，使用的大多数药物剂量和组合都是经验性的。本研究的目的是评价右美托咪定-氯胺酮镇静和异氟醚麻醉对萨克猎鹰(Falco cherrug)麻醉质量和生理变化。方法选取体重(均数±标准差)915±175g的12只猎鹰进行研究。评估镇静前心率(HR)和呼吸频率(RR)。氯胺酮(3mg/kg)和右美托咪定(25µg/kg)联合肌注。记录镇静时间，评估生理变量，测量各种血液参数。用2%异氟醚诱导2分钟，麻醉维持在1%。在维持期间，每隔5分钟评估一次生理变量，并在逆转给药前重新评估血液参数。记录了恢复时间。评估镇静、维持和恢复的质量。结果镇静在2.9±1.0 min内实现，镇静和维持质量均为“优”。镇静时HR值降低(137±38 vs 99±13次/分钟);P =0.001)，并在维持期间保持不变。与镇静前相比，RR值无显著差异。平均动脉血压(203±14 vs 168±22mmHg);p<0.001)和肛管温度(40.3±0.8 vs 38.9±1.0°C;P<0.001)诱导后下降。在镇静时观察到低氧血症(65.9±6.1mmHg)，但在维持期间消退，而出现高碳血症(54.2±11.5mmHg)和酸血症(7.28±0.036)。完全恢复迅速(12.3±3.9min)。结论及临床意义所建议的药物组合提供了高质量的镇静，维持和令人满意的恢复。然而，隼的生理变化被记录了下来。
Anesthetic effects of dexmedetomedineketamine sedation followed by isoflurane induction and maintenance in the saker falcon (Falco cherrug)
Background
Avian anesthesia can be challenging due to birds’ anatomical and physiological peculiarities. Also, most drug doses and combinations used are empirical. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic quality and physiological changes after dexmedetomidine-ketamine sedation and isoflurane anesthesia in the saker falcon (Falco cherrug).
Methods
Twelve falcons weighing (mean±standard deviation) 915±175g were included in the study. Pre-sedation heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were assessed. A combination of ketamine (3mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (25µg/kg) was administered intramuscularly. Sedation times were recorded, physiological variables assessed, and various blood parameters measured. Induction was performed with isoflurane at 2% for 2 minutes and anesthesia was maintained at 1%. During maintenance, physiological variables were assessed at 5-minute intervals and blood parameters were re-evaluated before reversal administration. Recovery times were documented. Quality of sedation, maintenance, and recovery were assessed.
Results
Sedation was achieved within 2.9±1.0 minutes and quality of sedation and maintenance were deemed «excellent» in all falcons. HR values decreased during sedation (137±38 versus 99±13 beats per minute; p=0.001) and remained constant during maintenance. No significant differences were seen in RR from pre-sedation values. Mean arterial blood pressure (203±14 versus 168±22mmHg; p<0.001) and cloacal temperature (40.3±0.8 versus 38.9±1.0°C; p<0.001) decreased after induction. Hypoxemia (65.9±6.1mmHg) was observed at sedation but resolved during maintenance, while hypercarbia (54.2±11.5mmHg) and acidemia (7.28±0.036) developed. Full recovery was quick (12.3±3.9minutes).
Conclusions and clinical relevance
The proposed drug combination provided for high quality sedation, maintenance, and a satisfactory recovery. Nevertheless, alterations in the falcons’ physiology were documented.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine provides clinicians with a convenient, comprehensive, "must have" resource to enhance and elevate their expertise with exotic pet medicine. Each issue contains wide ranging peer-reviewed articles that cover many of the current and novel topics important to clinicians caring for exotic pets. Diagnostic challenges, consensus articles and selected review articles are also included to help keep veterinarians up to date on issues affecting their practice. In addition, the Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine serves as the official publication of both the Association of Exotic Mammal Veterinarians (AEMV) and the European Association of Avian Veterinarians (EAAV). The Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine is the most complete resource for practitioners who treat exotic pets.
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