The adverse effects of commonly used medications on male fertility: a comprehensive review

There is an increasing number of young men taking medications for chronic conditions, such as high blood pressure, psychiatric illness, and pain management. Furthermore, the prevalence of use for these medications only increases with age. However, despite the long-term indications for these treatments, the adverse effect on fertility is not well recognized. There are a plethora of clinical trials studying the effects of various medications on spermatogenesis in rodents; however, animal models do not fully translate to potential human side effects. Commonly prescribed medications may affect male fertility by altering hormone secretion or impairing testosterone secretion, sperm production, and ejaculation. Other drugs are known to increase erectile dysfunction and decrease libido. Although the evidence is not conclusive for many drug groups, this review presents the most compelling information on commonly prescribed drugs for male fertility. To our knowledge, this is the only review to compile information on commonly prescribed medications that may affect male fertility, sperm function, and libido. We believe that our review can help clinicians further personalize patient prescriptions based on their individual needs and goals as well as unveil an untapped area of research.