Interplay between exercise, circadian rhythm, and cardiac metabolism and remodeling

Regular exercise improves cardiovascular and metabolic health. The beneficial effects of exercise are influenced by several factors, including exercise intensity, biological sex, and the time-of-day at which exercise is performed. In this short article, we review recent evidence of how exercise influences muscle metabolism and how circadian rhythm impacts tissue adaptations to exercise and exercise performance. Emerging out of these findings is a new appreciation for how nutrient timing and diurnal rhythms could be exploited to maximize the health benefits to exercise, while minimizing cardiovascular event risk.