A Subsoil use rights in Russia: from origins to modern times

The article considers subsoil use rights in Russia, starting from their origins and ending with modern problems. The authors conduct a comprehensive analysis of laws governing the formation, alteration, and termination of subsoil use rights, as well as the relevant scientific literature and law enforcement practice on this issue, identifying several urgent issues and suggesting ways to solve them. The study is based on the work of authorized bodies that control the activities of subsoil users, discussion of draft laws, generalization of modern judicial and arbitration practice, licensing, and other materials. The regulatory framework was formed by laws and other legal acts of pre-revolutionary Russia, the USSR, the Russian Federation, and constituent entities of the Russian Federation and international legislation regulating subsoil use relations.