《养育文化:37个国家的理想父母信念》评论

IF 2.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL
S. Harkness
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引用次数: 1

摘要

文化是一个谜。尽管几十年来人们一直在讨论什么是“文化”,但这个词仍然难以捉摸。在学术背景下,文化长期以来一直是人类学的领域,人类学家的定义比比皆是。在最普遍的层面上,人类学家将文化描述为一个民族的生活方式,包括外部的、社会构建的生活环境,以及指导沟通、思维和行为的内在规则、期望和价值观。最近,人类学家关注的是个人所经历的文化的内在认知方面:正如Robert LeVine所说,“一种共享的思想组织,包括社区中普遍存在的智力、道德和审美标准以及交流行为的意义”(LeVine,1984,第67页)。Roy D'Andrade对文化的定义将这种关注扩展到伴随认知的情感和动机——正如他所说,文化由“习得的意义系统组成,通过自然语言和其他符号系统进行交流,具有表征、指示和情感功能,能够创造文化实体和特定的现实感”(D’Andrade,1984,p.116)。正如这两位人类学家所暗示的那样,一个民族的“文化”不是习俗、信仰和价值观的随机集合,而是一个有组织和有意义的系统,尽管它可能(也可能确实)包含内部矛盾。在这个体系中,父母作为孩子文化的媒介和创造者发挥着至关重要的作用(Harkness&Super,1996)。这让我们看到了文化是一个谜题的第二种方式:隐喻性地说,文化可以被视为多维谜题(比如有时会让家人度假的桌面游戏),由许多碎片组成——有些大,有些小——共同构成一幅有意义的画面。在拼出这样一个拼图时,人们会寻找可能与手中的拼图相匹配的拼图,并从那里找到更大的拼图组。颜色和形状可以为碎片如何组合提供线索;如果这看起来太具挑战性,人们总是可以从明显构成谜题边界的片段开始。随着作品组的增长和融合,整个画面的各个方面变得越来越明显。在这篇论文中,作者向我们展示了他们研究的每个地方的文化谜题的一小部分,即父母对“理想父母”特征的信念。通过从个体参与者那里引出整个文化谜题的方法,这一部分被进一步削弱了:要求回答由五个(不多,也不少)一个词的描述符组成。无论是对所使用的分析策略还是对作者提出的解释,结果都很有趣。这个项目及其成果邀请我们询问
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Commentary for “Parenting Culture(s): Ideal Parent Beliefs Across 37 Countries”
Culture is a puzzle. Despite decades of discussion about what “culture” is, the term remains elusive. Within the academic context, culture was long the domain of anthropology, and definitions by anthropologists abound. At the most general level, anthropologists have described culture as the way of life of a people, including both the external, socially constructed environments for living and the internalized rules, expectations and values that guide communication, thinking and behavior. More recently, anthropologists have focused on the inner, cognitive aspects of culture as experienced by individuals: as Robert LeVine puts it, “a shared organization of ideas that includes the intellectual, moral, and aesthetic standards prevalent in a community and the meanings of communicative actions” (LeVine, 1984, p. 67). Roy D’Andrade’s definition of culture extends this focus to the emotions and motivations that accompany cognitions—as he states, culture consists of “learned systems of meaning, communicated by means of natural language and other symbol systems, having representational, directive, and affective functions, and capable of creating cultural entities and particular senses of reality” (D’Andrade, 1984, p. 116). As implied by both these anthropologists, the “culture” of a people is not a random collection of customs, beliefs and values, but rather an organized and meaningful system, even though it may (and probably does) contain internal contradictions. Within this system, parents play a crucial role as mediators and creators of culture for their children (Harkness & Super, 1996). This brings us to a second way that culture is a puzzle: metaphorically, cultures can be seen as multi-dimensional puzzles (as in the table-top games that sometimes occupy families on vacation) consisting of many pieces—some large, some tiny—that together form a meaningful picture. In putting together such a puzzle, one looks for pieces that may fit with the piece already in one’s hand, and from there to larger groupings of pieces. Color as well as shape may provide a clue to how pieces fit together; if this seems too challenging, one can always start from pieces that evidently form the border of the puzzle. As the groups of pieces grow and merge, aspects of the whole picture become increasingly evident. In this paper, the authors present us with one tiny piece of the cultural puzzle of each place they studied, namely parents’ beliefs about characteristics of an “ideal parent.” This one piece of the whole cultural puzzle is diminished even further by the method used to elicit it from individual participants: requiring that responses consist of five (no more, no less) one-word descriptors. The results are intriguing, both for the analytic strategy used and for the interpretations suggested by the authors. This project, and its outcomes, invite us to ask how much
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来源期刊
CiteScore
4.60
自引率
6.70%
发文量
69
期刊介绍: Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology publishes papers that focus on the interrelationships between culture and psychological processes. Submitted manuscripts may report results from either cross-cultural comparative research or results from other types of research concerning the ways in which culture (and related concepts such as ethnicity) affect the thinking and behavior of individuals as well as how individual thought and behavior define and reflect aspects of culture. Review papers and innovative reformulations of cross-cultural theory will also be considered. Studies reporting data from within a single nation should focus on cross-cultural perspective. Empirical studies must be described in sufficient detail to be potentially replicable.
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