Negative effects of artificial nest boxes on birds: A review

Artificial nest boxes are placed to attract birds to nest and breed in a specific location, and they are widely used in avian ecology research and in the attraction of insectivorous birds. There is evidence that artificial nest boxes can adversely affect breeding fitness but no great focus has been placed on this issue by researchers. Therefore, we retrieved 321 research papers regarding artificial nest boxes published from 2003 to 2022 and used the ‘Biblioshiny’ program to extract and integrate keywords; we then summarized the adverse effects of artificial nest boxes on avian breeding success. The studies highlighted many drawbacks and misuses in the designing and placement of nest boxes; furthermore, bird attraction was decreased by their inappropriate selection, thus reducing breeding success. Regarding nest box production, there were shortcomings in the construction material, color, smell, and structural design of the boxes used. Nest boxes were also placed at inappropriate densities, locations, orientations, heights, and managed incorrectly. Finally, we propose suggestions for more efficient and safer artificial nest boxes for future use in avian ecology research and bird conservation.