Redefining American Philanthropy Through the Archives of Black Philanthropy

chapter, “Those LeftOut,” reveals themechanisms of exclusion and thereby the biases of the organizers about what it meant to be “Indian” in the late nineteenth century. In sum, Unfair Labor? uses the Columbian Exposition as a way of understanding the clash between non-Native’s assumptions about Indigenous peoples’ pasts and trajectories for the future and Native people’s own adaptations and plans for their communities. As with so many similar stories, Native Americans’ relationship to the United States, non-Native Americans, and the market economy was far more complicated than many late-nineteenth century European Americans could ever hope to understand.