黄热病对新冠肺炎的历史教训:二十世纪初厄瓜多尔和危地马拉的国际干预和疾病控制

IF 1.1 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
David Carey
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在整个拉丁美洲热带城市,黄热病肆虐。瓜亚基尔(厄瓜多尔)和巴里奥斯港(危地马拉)位于海平面,特别容易感染黄热病;然而,厄瓜多尔人和危地马拉人在20世纪初抗击黄热病的运动中取得了重大成功。洛克菲勒基金会(RF)在10年代中期向危地马拉和厄瓜多尔派遣了代表,以根除黄热病,这反映了国际社会为拉丁美洲公共卫生运动提供信息、合作,有时还支持这些运动所做的努力。虽然这些干预措施取得了立竿见影的成功,但其长期影响却更加模糊。通过与RF的合作,厄瓜多尔在1919年几乎根除了黄热病。然而,在危地马拉,在RF宣布危地马拉没有黄热病几个月后,流感爆发了,很可能源于RF试图抵御黄热病的危地马拉美军营地。 对20世纪早期黄热病流行的分析和遏制黄热病的运动揭示了新冠肺炎大流行的挑战。尽管厄瓜多尔和危地马拉对疾病病因的认识在不断发展,但大多数领导人都接受或至少没有公开拒绝科学医学。相比之下,从最有权势的政客开始,并在联邦、州和市政当局中进行过滤,许多美国领导人拒绝接受对抗击新冠肺炎至关重要的科学。同样,在美国居民拒绝戴口罩和保持社交距离等预防新冠肺炎措施的情况下,抗黄热病运动并不总是能得到遵守。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Yellow Fever’s Historical Lessons for COVID-19: International Interventions and Disease Control in Early Twentieth-century Ecuador and Guatemala
Throughout tropical urban Latin America, yellow fever wreaked havoc. Located at sea level, Guayaquil (Ecuador) and Puerto Barrios (Guatemala) were particularly susceptible to yellow fever; yet, Ecuadorians and Guatemalans enjoyed significant success in early twentieth-century campaigns against yellow fever. Reflecting international efforts that informed, collaborated with, and at times underwrote Latin American public health campaigns, the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) sent representatives to Guatemala and Ecuador in the mid-1910s to eradicate yellow fever. While those interventions enjoyed immediate success, the long-term effects were more ambiguous. By collaborating with RF, Ecuador had all but eradicated yellow fever by 1919. In Guatemala, however, a few months after RF declared Guatemala free of yellow fever, influenza struck, likely originating from US military camps in Guatemala that RF sought to shield from yellow fever.  Analysis of early twentieth-century yellow fever epidemics and campaigns to arrest them sheds light on COVID-19 pandemic challenges. Even as knowledge of disease etiology was evolving in Ecuador and Guatemala, most leaders accepted or at least did not publicly reject scientific medicine. In contrast, beginning with the most powerful politicians and filtering down throughout federal, state, and municipal authorities, many US leaders rejected science crucial to the campaigns against COVID-19. Similarly, in a pattern that resonates with US residents rejecting precautionary measures against COVID-19 such as wearing masks and maintaining social distance, compliance with anti-yellow fever campaigns was not always forthcoming.
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来源期刊
Journal of Developing Societies
Journal of Developing Societies DEVELOPMENT STUDIES-
CiteScore
2.00
自引率
0.00%
发文量
19
期刊介绍: The Journal of Developing Societies is a refereed international journal on development and social change in all societies. JDS provides an interdisciplinary forum for the publication of theoretical perspectives, research findings, case studies, policy analyses and normative critiques on the issues, problems and policies associated with both mainstream and alternative approaches to development. The scope of the journal is not limited to articles on the Third World or the Global South, rather it encompasses articles on development and change in the "developed" as well as "developing" societies of the world. The journal seeks to represent the full range of diverse theoretical and ideological viewpoints on development that exist in the contemporary international community.
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