为什么太空中的新冠肺炎致死率会显著高于地球?

Q4 Health Professions
J. Welsh, J. Bevelacqua, H. Mozdarani, S. Mortazavi, S. Mortazavi
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引用次数: 8

摘要

宇航员面临着各种各样的压力,从辐射和微重力到持续的体液变化、昼夜节律变化以及长期隔离和禁闭带来的心理压力。在地球磁层范围之外的深空任务中,电离辐射可能会增加氧化应激和DNA损伤、免疫系统失调,并改变细胞防御机制的有效性。通过回顾之前参与太空任务的宇航员报告的健康问题,很明显,病毒感染在太空中并不罕见。最近的报告表明,新冠肺炎可能在社区持续很长一段时间。尽管美国国家航空航天局在执行太空任务期间实施了旨在限制机组人员患病的应对措施,如飞行前隔离,但尚不清楚是否可以预防疫情爆发。目前,宇航员不太可能感染病毒,但应该更好地描述新冠肺炎等潜在威胁生命的病毒性疾病的后果。在这篇论文中,我们讨论了为什么新冠肺炎在太空中的致死率可能显著高于地球。这种风险增加的原因包括1)微重力导致社交距离的无用性2)免疫系统失调3)新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)等RNA病毒的突变率可能更高4)存在强大的选择压力和5)最大摄氧量降低。考虑到这些因素,应仔细研究微重力、太空辐射(可能还有其他主要太空压力源)对暴露于严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型的宇航员免疫系统的综合影响,以及病毒、太空压力源和宿主的可能相互作用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Why can COVID-19 fatality in space be significantly higher than on Earth?
Astronauts are exposed to a wide variety of stressors ranging from radiation and microgravity to persistent fluids shifts, circadian shifts and the psychological stress of prolonged isolation and confinement. On deep space missions, beyond the range of the Earth's magnetosphere, ionizing radiation may increase oxidative stress and DNA damage, immune system dysregulation and alter the effectiveness of the cellular defense mechanisms. By reviewing the health problems reported by astronauts participated in previous space missions, it is evident that viral infections are not rare in space. Recent reports suggest that COVID-19 can last for a long time in communities. Although NASA implements countermeasures designed to limit crew illness during space missions such as a pre-flight quarantine, it is not clear whether an outbreak can be prevented. Currently, it is not likely that astronauts could get a viral infection, but the consequences of potential lifethreatening viral diseases such as COVID-19 should be better characterized. In this paper we discuss why COVID-19 fatality in space might be significantly higher than on the Earth. The reasons for such an increased risk include 1) uselessness of social distancing due to microgravity 2) immune system dysregulation 3) possibly higher mutation rates of RNA viruses such as the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) 4) existence of strong selective pressure and 5) decreased maximum oxygen uptake. Given these considerations, the combined effects of microgravity, space radiation (and possibly other major space stressors) on the immune system of astronauts exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and possible interactions of the virus, space stressors and host should be carefully investigated.
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来源期刊
Iranian Journal of Radiation Research
Iranian Journal of Radiation Research RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING-
CiteScore
0.67
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Iranian Journal of Radiation Research (IJRR) publishes original scientific research and clinical investigations related to radiation oncology, radiation biology, and Medical and health physics. The clinical studies submitted for publication include experimental studies of combined modality treatment, especially chemoradiotherapy approaches, and relevant innovations in hyperthermia, brachytherapy, high LET irradiation, nuclear medicine, dosimetry, tumor imaging, radiation treatment planning, radiosensitizers, and radioprotectors. All manuscripts must pass stringent peer-review and only papers that are rated of high scientific quality are accepted.
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