Research progress in bone interface tissue engineering for ligament and tendon injury

The interface of ligaments, tendons, and bones are susceptible to damage, often fail to heal themselves, and even cannot achieve a good prognosis after surgery. Interface tissue engineering is a comprehensive strategy to functionally connect soft and hard tissues to regenerate original anatomical functions and structures, thereby improving clinical efficacy. In this paper, the interface tissue engineering and composite tissue regeneration in soft tissue healing were systematically reviewed. The recent advances in interface engineering were summarized, based on the treatment of structural damage from two common soft tissue-bone connections (ligamentous bone connections, tendon bone connections), from the development of single tissue to composite tissue structures. The latest interface tissue engineering innovation structure design and potential clinical applications in recent years were reviewed. For future research, in-depth research on the mechanisms of interface development, regeneration, and internal environment balance, structure-function relationships, and biological processes that drive interface development, regeneration, and internal environment balance are still necessary. The innovative studies on interface tissue engineering have promoted the significance of the integration of tissue engineering and clinical, and the construction of complex tissues, so that it has broader significance for the future regeneration of total joints. Key words: Biomaterial; Tendon; Ligament; Tissue engineering; Soft and hard tissue repair