发出信号的代价:在实验环境中,哈扎狩猎采集者会为了炫耀而放弃卡路里吗?

IF 3 1区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Duncan N.E. Stibbard-Hawkes , Dorsa Amir , Coren L. Apicella
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引用次数: 1

摘要

哈扎人非常慷慨地分享食物,而且经常会分给家庭以外的人。一些人类学家提出,个体,尤其是男性,在家庭之外分享食物是为了表明自己的觅食技能。虽然相关数据已经被用来证明和批评这一假设,但它很少被实验检验。在这里,我们进行了一项激励实验,以测试哈扎成年人是否真的愿意放弃热量资源,以表明他们的觅食技能。在这项研究中,196名成年哈扎人有机会参加两个游戏——瞄准游戏和搜索游戏——旨在宣传他们作为觅食者的技能。我们改变了这两款游戏的激励结构,调整了1)玩游戏是否需要消耗热量(如蜂蜜),以及2)每款游戏的成功是否会获得奖励(如彩色手镯),这是一种可见的技能信号。尽管目标游戏在没有成本的情况下普遍流行,但我们发现人们通常更看重卡路里而不是信号机会,并且不愿意放弃卡路里资源来继续参与其中的任何一种游戏。根据信号理论,我们确实观察到年龄和性别在为信号机会下注卡路里的意愿上存在差异。男性比女性更有可能为了参与而放弃卡路里。年轻人,尤其是年轻男性,也比老年人更愿意放弃卡路里来玩游戏。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
A cost for signaling: do Hadza hunter-gatherers forgo calories to show-off in an experimental context?

Hadza food-sharing is extremely generous and often extends to individuals outside the household. Some anthropologists have proposed that individuals, especially men, share food beyond the household in order to signal foraging skill. While correlational data have been used to both evidence and critique this hypothesis, it has less often been experimentally tested. Here, we conducted an incentivised experiment to test whether Hadza adults are indeed willing to forgo caloric resources in order to signal their foraging skills. In this study, 196 Hadza adults were given the opportunity to participate in two games - an aim game and a search game - designed to advertise their skill as foragers. We varied the incentive structure of both games, adjusting i) whether there was a caloric cost (i.e., honey) to play, and ii) whether success in each game was rewarded with a prize (i.e., a colored bracelet), which functioned as a visible signal of skill. Although the aim game was universally popular when there was no cost to play, we found that individuals generally valued calories more than signaling opportunities and were unwilling to forgo caloric resources to continue participation in either game. In line with signaling theory, we did observe age and gender difference in willingness to wager calories for signaling opportunities. Men were more likely than women to forgo calories in order to participate. Younger people (<37), especially younger men, were also more likely to forgo calories to play than older people.

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来源期刊
Evolution and Human Behavior
Evolution and Human Behavior 生物-行为科学
CiteScore
8.30
自引率
9.80%
发文量
62
审稿时长
82 days
期刊介绍: Evolution and Human Behavior is an interdisciplinary journal, presenting research reports and theory in which evolutionary perspectives are brought to bear on the study of human behavior. It is primarily a scientific journal, but submissions from scholars in the humanities are also encouraged. Papers reporting on theoretical and empirical work on other species will be welcome if their relevance to the human animal is apparent.
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