Espectro del Síndrome Tardío: Fenomenología, Diagnóstico y Tratamiento

Our aim with this study was to compile the available scientific evidence on tardive syndromes, their phenomenology, diagnosis and treatment. For this, a systematic review of the literature was carried out by searching indexed databases (PsycINFO, OvidMEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and Scielo), for articles published from January 2009 to March 2020. Tardive syndromes are a group of movement disorders caused by prolonged exposure to dopamine receptor blocking drugs. They typically appear several months and even years after starting the medication and persist for at least one month after discontinuing the drug. Orofacial dyskinesias have classically been described, but the phenomenological spectrum is wide, including dystonia, chorea, tics, myoclonus and akathisia. Treatment is indicated when symptoms interfere with activities of daily living, including withdrawing the offending drug, while the underlying pathologies allow it, changing to another neuroleptic, or considering pharmacological management. In cases refractory to conventional treatment, functional surgery with globus pallidus deep brain stimulation has shown efficacy for tardive dystonia, although with limited evidence.