神经科学和读写能力:一个综合的观点

Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
George Ellis, C. Bloch
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引用次数: 2

摘要

全球扫盲教学面临重大挑战。为了应对这些挑战,我们应该考虑到大脑工作的关键特征。首先,感知是一个主动的过程,它基于对感官数据和动作结果的分层预测中的错误检测。阅读就是这种非线性预测过程的一个特例。其次,情绪在潜在的认知功能中起着关键作用,包括口头和书面语言。消极情绪会削弱学习的动力。第三,听/说和读/写之间并没有根本的区别。两者都是社会文化实践,是由社会大脑的沟通需求驱动的。第四,听力和阅读都是情境发生的心理社会理解实践,受当前知识和文化背景和实践的影响。第五,正如语言学的标准观点所假定的那样,大脑的自然运作不是基于规则的:它是基于统计模式识别的预测。这一切都让人质疑对被广泛引用的《简单阅读观》(Simple View of Reading)的狭隘解读,该书认为明确的解码是理解的必要途径。阅读的两条神经通路中,有一条不涉及这种明确的解码过程,可以在幼儿时期就被激活。大脑功能的综合观点反映了阅读过程的非线性上下文性质,这意味着从一开始就持续关注个人意义和理解,为学习阅读和写作的各个方面提供了积极的条件。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Neuroscience and literacy: an integrative view
Significant challenges exist globally regarding literacy teaching and learning. To address these challenges, key features of how the brain works should be taken into account. First, perception is an active process based in detection of errors in hierarchical predictions of sensory data and action outcomes. Reading is a particular case of this non-linear predictive process. Second, emotions play a key role in underlying cognitive functioning, including oral and written language. Negative emotions undermine motivation to learn. Third, there is not the fundamental difference between listening/speaking and reading/writing often alleged on the basis of evolutionary arguments. Both are socio-cultural practices that are driven through the communication imperative of the social brain. Fourth, both listening and reading are contextually occurring pyscho-social practices of understanding, shaped by current knowledge and cultural contexts and practices. Fifth, the natural operation of the brain is not rule-based, as is supposed in the standard view of linguistics: it is prediction, based on statistical pattern recognition. This all calls into question narrow interpretations of the widely quoted “Simple View of Reading”, which argues that explicit decoding is the necessary route to comprehension. One of the two neural routes to reading does not involve such explicit decoding processes, and can be activated from the earliest years. An integrated view of brain function reflecting the non-linear contextual nature of the reading process implies that an ongoing focus on personal meaning and understanding from the very beginning provides positive conditions for learning all aspects of reading and writing.
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来源期刊
Transactions of The Royal Society of South Africa
Transactions of The Royal Society of South Africa Agricultural and Biological Sciences-Agricultural and Biological Sciences (all)
CiteScore
2.80
自引率
0.00%
发文量
15
期刊介绍: Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa , published on behalf of the Royal Society of South Africa since 1908, comprises a rich archive of original scientific research in and beyond South Africa. Since 1878, when it was founded as Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, the Journal’s strength has lain in its multi- and inter-disciplinary orientation, which is aimed at ‘promoting the improvement and diffusion of science in all its branches’ (original Charter). Today this includes natural, physical, medical, environmental and earth sciences as well as any other topic that may be of interest or importance to the people of Africa. Transactions publishes original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, festschriften and book reviews. While coverage emphasizes southern Africa, submissions concerning the rest of the continent are encouraged.
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