多相催化的基本步骤:环境化学的基础

IF 0.7 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES
G. Ertl, M. Zielińska, M. Rajfur, M. Wacławek
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引用次数: 3

摘要

催化是一种替代的方法,以达到立即形成的产物,因为一个较低的能量屏障(分子和催化剂之间)。多相催化包括通过与固体表面有关的分子的相互作用来加速化学反应。这是一门学科,它涉及化学的所有不同方面:无机化学和分析化学,以表征催化剂和这些催化剂的形式。工业化学把所有这些东西放在一起来理解固体化学处理,化学反应和能源工程以及这些催化过程中的传热和传质。通常不止一种,但有几种产物,那么催化剂的作用与活性关系不大,而与选择性关系很大。基本步骤现在可以研究到原子尺度,下面将主要用两个例子来说明:一氧化碳的氧化(汽车尾气的催化剂)和氨的合成(氮肥的基础)。尽管成本高昂,但催化剂本身有着巨大的市场。其中很大一部分用于炼油厂、汽车和工业清洗过程。催化过程是一个广阔的领域,在节能和能源转化方面还存在许多问题,未来还有很大的发展空间。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Elementary steps in heterogeneous catalysis: The basis for environmental chemistry
Abstract Catalysis is an alternative way for reaching an immediate formation of a product, because of a lower energy barrier (between the molecules and the catalysts). Heterogeneous catalysis comprises the acceleration of a chemical reaction through interaction of the molecules involved with the surface of a solid. It is a discipline, which involves all the different aspects of chemistry: inorganic and analytical chemistry in order to characterize the catalysts and the forms of these catalysts. The industrial chemistry puts all these things together to understand the solid chemical handling, chemical reaction and energy engineering and the heat and mass transfer in these catalytic processes. Very often there are more than one, but several products, then the role of the catalyst is not so much related to activity, but to selectivity. The underlying elementary steps can now be investigated down to the atomic scale as will be illustrated mainly with two examples: the oxidation of carbon monoxide (car exhaust catalyst) and the synthesis of ammonia (the basis for nitrogen fertilizer). There is a huge market for the catalysts themselves despite of their high costs. A large fraction is used for petroleum refineries, automotive and industrial cleaning processes. The catalytic processes is a wide field and there are still many problems concerning energy conservation and energy transformation, so there is much to do in the future.
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来源期刊
Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology
Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES-
CiteScore
1.50
自引率
50.00%
发文量
2
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