Application of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes in the treatment of skin wounds

Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (MSC-Exos) are a type of cell vesicle with biological function secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In tissue repair, MSC-Exos are more effective than MSCs, and they can be used as a cell-free alternative therapy to MSCs. This therapeutic system has a stable membrane structure that is coated with proteins, miRNAs, mRNA, lncRNA, DNA, and other macromolecular active substances. These molecules have a powerful effect on tissue regeneration. MSC-Exos can regulate the biological function of target cells through direct recognition, membrane fusion, and secretion of communication mediators. Skin wound healing consists mainly of blood coagulation, inflammation response, cell proliferation, and tissue remodeling. By regulating the four stages of wound healing, MSC-Exos effectively reduce tissue inflammation, reduce the immune response, promote enhanced cell migration and angiogenesis and regulate tissue remodeling, thus shortening the healing time and reducing scar formation. A variety of biological factors, genetic material and signaling pathways are involved in this process. This article reviews the efficacy and mechanism of MSC-Exos in promoting skin tissue repair.