The role of biomarkers in early prediction and molecular mechanisms of preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is defined as new onset hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation with evidence of maternal organ or uteroplacental dysfunction or proteinuria. PE is a leading cause of maternal death, with about 55000 deaths worldwide each year. Toxic substances that damage the maternal vascular endothelium induce PE, resul - ting in liver and kidney malfunction. It is crucial for obstetricians to identify as early as possible the patients who are at risk for PE. Polycystic ovarian disease, sleeping disorders, urinary infections, periodontal disease, smoking, lifestyle and familial history of PE are the major risk factors involved in this disease. VEGF, sFlt1, sENG, PAPP-A, inhibin A and activin A proteins, fetal hemoglobin, heat shock protein and placental protein have been helpful in predicting or diagnosing PE and in understanding its pathogenesis. In addition, a better understanding of PE pathogenesis would aid in identifying the most effective treatments that do not impair the fetus’ prognosis. The aim of our study is a review of the pathophysiology and biomarkers, such as pro- and anti-angiogenic substan - ces, that may be useful in the detection of PE in the future