Subjugate or Exterminate! A Memoir of Russia's Wars in Chechnya by Akhmed Zakaev, and: Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000–2006 by Akhmed Zakaev (review)

In connection with the last-mentioned point, at the time of writing the current review, the Russian higher education system has entered another phase of turmoil and isolation, with a considerable number of cases over recent years of academic staff and students being expelled from institutions in connection with their political and social stances, an exodus of academics from Russia in order to avoid persecution because of their position over the war in Ukraine, and the suspension of Russia’s membership in the Bologna Process following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The process of future rehabilitation of the Russian HE system will require a deeper set of changes in the culture of Russian HE if it is to readopt a path towards supporting democratic developments in the country, and ensuring that academic freedom and independence are restored as central features of the Russian university in the twenty-first century.