Narrative review of 3D imaging for preoperative planning in urology

During the last years 3D modeling has emerged as a novel, exciting, and effective tool in the hands of patients, trainees, naive and experienced surgeons, especially in the field of urology. In particular, patient-specific 3D models have been introduced as tools for providing accurate anatomical details of the patient organs for preoperative planning. The aim is to reduce intraoperative complications and the operative time and to improve patient safety. This technology has been finding fertile ground in the field of focal surgery, where the correct identification of the area to be removed is of fundamental importance for the success of the operation and the achievement of excellent outcomes. In general, these 3D models can be virtual, printed or augmented-reality and are based on high resolution imaging such as multiparametric magnetic resonance (mp MRI) imaging or computed tomography scans (CT scan). The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the current use of these 3D models for preoperative planning in