Cortico–subcortical spatiotemporal dynamics in Parkinson’s disease can be modulated by transcranial alternating current stimulation

Objective: We investigated changes in cortico–subcortical spatiotemporal dynamics to explore the treatment mechanisms of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were collected from 20 patients with PD and 20 normal controls (NC). Each patient with PD received successive multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatment and tACS treatment over a one-year interval. Individual functional brain network mapping and co-activation pattern (CAP) analysis were performed to characterize cortico–subcortical dynamics. Results: The same tACS electrode placement stimulated different proportions of functional brain networks across the participants. CAP analysis revealed that the visual network, attentional network, and default mode network co-activated with the thalamus, accumbens, and amygdala, respectively. The pattern characterized by the de-activation of the visual network and the activation of the thalamus showed a significantly low amplitude in the patients with PD than in NCs, and this amplitude increased after tACS treatment. Furthermore, the co-occurrence of cortico–subcortical CAPs was significantly higher in patients with PD than in NCs and decreased after tACS treatment. Conclusions: This study investigated cortico–subcortical spatiotemporal dynamics in patients with PD and further revealed the tACS treatment mechanism. These findings contribute to understanding cortico– subcortical dynamics and exploring noninvasive neuromodulation targets of cortico–subcortical circuits in brain diseases, such as PD, Alzheimer’s disease, and depression.