Indonesia–Malaysia relations from below: Indonesian migrants and the role of identity

ABSTRACT Empirical studies on relationships between Indonesians and Malaysians, especially those living in Penang, Malaysia, diverge significantly from the narratives commonly found in mainstream media. At the national level, the two countries have frequently been involved in problems that have led to inter-state tensions. However, at the grassroots level of personal relationships, specifically between Indonesian migrants and local Malaysians, harmony and cohesion as well as mutual benefits are more often expressed by those involved. This article argues that a similarity of identity has made it easier for Indonesian migrants to build cohesion with the local Malaysian population and with Malays in particular. As a consequence of these similar identities and cohesive relationships, Indonesian migrants experience various benefits and feel safer when facing legal issues. This article outlines the origins of Indonesian migrant identity and discusses specific elements to elaborate on the role of identity at the personal level of Indonesia–Malaysia relations.