Current Advances of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Acute-on-Chronic Hepatitis B Liver Failure

Abstract Acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure (ACHBLF) is a term used to define the acute deterioration of liver function that occurs in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection or hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis. The specific pathogenesis of ACHBLF is still not completely understood. Current research has shown that an intense systemic inflammation is involved in the development of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Meanwhile, a subsequent immune paresis over the course of ACLF favors the development of infection and sepsis. Deregulation in both the innate and adaptive immunity is the notable feature of ACLF. The dysregulated immune responses play a crucial role in disease progression and potentially drive organ failure and mortality in ACHBLF. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of innate and adaptive immune cells in ACHBLF.