Sailing into the past: Nautical charts reveal changes over 160 years in the largest reef complex in the South Atlantic Ocean

Coral reefs are in global decline due to unprecedented anthropogenic threats that have escalated and accumulated over decades to centuries. In order to assess the magnitude and drivers of changes on reefs, it is necessary to reconstruct the history of changes of these ecosystems over this longer time scale. We compiled and assessed historical records of naturalists that visited Abrolhos reefs over the last 202 years, and compared a 160-year-old nautical chart with modern charts to quantify losses in the spatial extent of coastal reefs in the Abrolhos Bank, Brazil. We found a 28% loss in the overall spatial extent of inshore reefs, with some areas experiencing declines up to 49% over the past 160 years. Such reefs with more dramatic changes (Guaratibas reefs) are the closest to the coast (∼7 km), where local impacts such as the past extraction of coral for lime since the 19^th century, as well as increased coastal sedimentation and siltation due to deforestation are concentrated and that, combined, may have caused the observed decline. Collectively, this set of historical information captures coral reef changes over time, and helps update conservation and restoration goals for the Abrolhos reefs seascape.