决明子的巢址选择及其管理意义

Pub Date : 2021-08-30 DOI:10.1111/jofo.12378
Julie W. Smith, Trevor Fetz, Monika Shea, Craig W. Benkman
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引用次数: 0

摘要

决明子(Loxia sinesciuris)是爱达荷州南部的两个小山脉,南丘陵和阿尔比恩山脉的特有植物。虽然先前的研究表明,成熟的落基山黑松(Pinus contorta latifolia)积累了大量的树冠球果库,作为Cassia Crossbills的食物资源,但缺乏关于筑巢地点选择的信息。2001-2002年,我们在南山地区选取了49个雀巢,对雀巢的位置和周围生境进行了特征分析,并在附近随机选取了26个雀巢进行了特征分析。我们还收录了2003年至2006年57个鸟巢的树种和高度信息。在以黑松为主的相对稠密的成熟林分中,决明子在大黑松的上冠层上筑巢,筑巢的位置是叶片最广的地方。巢通常在树的南侧侧枝上,但巢的坡度和朝向不明显。其他种类的交喙鸟通常在茂密的树叶上筑巢,但与决明子交喙不同的是,它们通常在相对开阔的树林里筑巢,大概是为了减少被树松鼠捕食的风险。由于树松鼠不会与决明子同时出现,它们喜欢在茂密的森林中筑巢,这可能会减少暴露在风和恶劣天气下的机会,并降低被普通乌鸦(Corvus corax)等筑巢捕食者发现的可能性。我们相信,如果有足够的种子供应,筑巢地点将不会受到限制。然而,这需要在整个Cassia Crossbills范围内建立一个大的树冠锥体库,面对不断升高的温度和不断增加的火灾频率和强度,结果是不确定的。
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Nest-site selection by Cassia Crossbills and management implications

Cassia Crossbills (Loxia sinesciuris) are endemic to two small mountain ranges in southern Idaho, the South Hills and Albion Mountains. Although previous studies have shown the importance of mature Rocky Mountain lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta latifolia) that have accumulated a large canopy cone bank as a food resource for Cassia Crossbills, information about nest-site selection is lacking. We located 49 Cassia Crossbill nests in the South Hills in 2001–2002, characterized their locations and surrounding habitat, and characterized the habitat in 26 nearby random locations for comparison. We also include information on tree species and height for 57 nests located from 2003 to 2006. Cassia Crossbills built nests where foliage was most extensive in the upper canopy of large lodgepole pines in relatively dense and mature stands dominated by lodgepole pine. Nests were usually on lateral branches on the south side of trees, but the slope and aspect of nest locations were not distinctive. Other species of crossbills generally build nests in dense foliage, but, unlike Cassia Crossbills, they usually nest in relatively open stands, presumably to reduce the risk of nest predation by tree squirrels. Because tree squirrels do not co-occur with Cassia Crossbills, their preference to nest in dense forests may reduce exposure to wind and inclement weather and reduce the likelihood of detection by nest predators such as Common Ravens (Corvus corax). We believe that nest sites will not be limiting if there is an adequate seed supply. However, this requires a large canopy cone bank throughout the range of Cassia Crossbills, an outcome that is uncertain in the face of increasing temperatures and increasing fire frequency and intensity.

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