Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in design studies: Methodological considerations, challenges, and recommendations

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enables identification of the brain regions and networks underpinning cognitive tasks. It has the potential to significantly advance cognitive design science, but is challenging to apply in design studies and methodological guidance for design researchers is lacking. In this Research Note, we reflect on our experiences and other work to outline the activities involved in developing and executing fMRI design studies. The implications for research quality at each stage are highlighted. We then consider the challenges for fMRI research on design and make recommendations for addressing them. Four critical areas are identified: establishing experimental protocols; establishing a cognitive design ontology; generating foundational knowledge about brain activation; and balancing fMRI constraints against ecological validity.