Preceding winter Okhotsk Sea ice as a precursor to the following winter extreme precipitation in South China

The winter extreme precipitation over South China (SC) experiences a large year-to-year variability, causing uncertainty in its prediction. Here, we find that the boreal winter sea ice concentration (SIC) in the Okhotsk Sea can serve as a precursor to the following winter's extreme precipitation frequency (EPF) over SC, which has important implications for its prediction. Further analysis reveals that the Okhotsk Sea SIC anomalies help to reinforce North Pacific Oscillation-like atmospheric variability over the North Pacific, which induces the development of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like SST anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific. The ENSO may act as a “power amplifier” to boost the impact of the Okhotsk Sea winter SIC anomalies on the following winter EPF over SC via a positive atmosphere–ocean feedback process. Our findings suggest that the Okhotsk Sea SIC may act as a potential precursor for the winter EPF over SC leading by about 1 year, and further improve our understanding of extratropical-tropical interactions and aid predictability of winter extreme precipitation over SC.