Review on antibiotics residues and their extraction and detection methods in highly consumed foodstuffs

Antibiotics have been widely used in the food industry, and their utilization has increased tremendously. Foodstuffs sometimes comprise excessive amounts of antibiotic residues due to a lack of awareness and misuse of these valuable drugs. The misuse of antibiotics in foods has led to the growth of bacterial resistance. Over the past century, the increasing use and abuse of antibiotics in food animals have directed to the prevalent transmission of bacterial and genetic resistance between animals and humans. Antibiotic residue from foods is considered a significant contaminant that threatens human health worldwide. Awareness and training on the application of antibiotics among farmers and drug sellers can rationalize the use of antibiotics in food animals. The Government of Oman should create and firmly implement application guidelines to regulate the use and prevent the misuse of antibiotics in foodstuffs sectors. This review aims to explore the current status of antibiotic residue in foodstuffs, and their detection, separation, and identification technologies in use. The review also highlights alternative ways to fight bacterial resistance.