“Golden Age” of Homogeneous Catalytic Chemistry of Alkynes: Some Oxidative Transformations of Alkynes (A Review)

Methods for carrying out coupling reactions in the chemistry of alkynes to form C–C bonds (oxidative dehydrocondensation reactions, Cadiot–Chodkiewicz reaction, and Sonogashira reaction) are analyzed and generalized. Protocols of synthesis of products of these reactions are also presented, including homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. In all cases, emphasis is placed on the kinetics and mechanisms of reactions with the discussion of the results of kinetic and spectrometric studies of the mechanisms of coupling reactions involving Cu(I, II, III), Au(I, III), Pd(0, I, II), and Fe (0, I, II, III) complexes. Particular attention is paid to the heterogeneous catalysis of oxidation reactions of alkynes with the participation of nanoparticles and nanoclusters of Pd, Au, Ag, and other metals. The nature of the intermediates containing these metals and the relationships between various oxidative and nonoxidative transformations of alkynes are discussed.