A Historic Review of the Role of CD4+ T-Cell Subsets in Development of the Immune Responses against Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniases

The heterogeneity of CD4+ T cells has been investigated since the late 1970s, when their Th1 and Th2 subsets were coined. Later studies on the cutaneous form of the Leishmaniasis were focused on the experimental models of Leishmania major infection using the susceptible BALB/c and the resistant C57BL/6 mice. At the early 21st century, the regulatory T-cells subpopulation was introduced and its role in concomitant immunity, responsible for lifelong resistance of the host to the reinfection was proposed. Subsequent studies, mainly focused on the visceral form of the infection pointed to the role of IL-17, produced by Th17 subset of CD4+ T cells that along the neutrophils were shown to have important yet equivocal functions in protection against or exacerbation of the infection. Altogether, the current knowledge indicates that the above four subsets could orchestrate the immune, the regulatory and the inflammatory responses of the host against different forms of leishmaniases.