Cholangiocarcinoma: An Emerging Target for Molecular Therapy.

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma has been traditionally considered a tumor with poor prognosis. Until now, surgical treatment has been the only more or less effective approach. Summary: Over 10 years, chemotherapy with a combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin remains the standard first-line therapy for patients with locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma, which leads to a median overall survival of 11.7 months. Several inhibitors of HER (ERBB), HGF/c-MET, Hedgehog, KRAS-BRAF-MEK-ERK, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways did not show their superiority to standard chemotherapy. The rise of hope is associated with the emergence of novel fibroblast growth factor receptors and isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibitors as well as immune checkpoint inhibitors.