疟原虫--简要介绍导致人类疟疾的寄生虫及其基本生物学特性。

IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences
Shigeharu Sato
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引用次数: 0

摘要

疟疾是人类最具破坏性的传染病之一。疟疾在较贫穷的国家和地区流行,严重阻碍了社会经济的发展,在临床和经济上都造成了严重的问题。疟疾的病原体是属于疟原虫属的单细胞原生动物寄生虫。这些寄生虫不仅感染人类,也感染其他脊椎动物,从爬行动物、鸟类到哺乳动物。迄今为止,已正式描述的疟原虫有 200 多种,每种疟原虫都会感染一定范围的宿主。在世界上大部分地区,自然感染人类并导致疟疾的疟原虫仅限于五种--恶性疟原虫、间日疟原虫、疟疾疟原虫、卵形疟原虫和克雷西疟原虫。前四种疟原虫对人类具有特异性,而柯莱西疟原虫则在猕猴中自然存活,并在东南亚广泛引起人畜共患性疟疾。疟原虫在脊椎动物宿主之间的传播取决于昆虫媒介,通常是蚊子。媒介不仅是载体,而且是最终宿主,疟原虫在这里进行有性生殖,寄生虫在昆虫体内的发育对传播给下一个脊椎动物宿主至关重要。能够支持疟原虫关键发育的昆虫种类范围取决于寄生虫的具体种类,但导致人类疟疾的所有五种疟原虫都只能通过按蚊传播。疟原虫物种具有显著的遗传灵活性,这使它们能够适应环境的变化,从而有可能迅速对抗疟药等治疗药物产生抗药性,并改变宿主的特异性。本文选取了一些涉及导致人类疟疾的疟原虫的话题进行综述。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Plasmodium-a brief introduction to the parasites causing human malaria and their basic biology.

Malaria is one of the most devastating infectious diseases of humans. It is problematic clinically and economically as it prevails in poorer countries and regions, strongly hindering socioeconomic development. The causative agents of malaria are unicellular protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These parasites infect not only humans but also other vertebrates, from reptiles and birds to mammals. To date, over 200 species of Plasmodium have been formally described, and each species infects a certain range of hosts. Plasmodium species that naturally infect humans and cause malaria in large areas of the world are limited to five-P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi. The first four are specific for humans, while P. knowlesi is naturally maintained in macaque monkeys and causes zoonotic malaria widely in South East Asia. Transmission of Plasmodium species between vertebrate hosts depends on an insect vector, which is usually the mosquito. The vector is not just a carrier but the definitive host, where sexual reproduction of Plasmodium species occurs, and the parasite's development in the insect is essential for transmission to the next vertebrate host. The range of insect species that can support the critical development of Plasmodium depends on the individual parasite species, but all five Plasmodium species causing malaria in humans are transmitted exclusively by anopheline mosquitoes. Plasmodium species have remarkable genetic flexibility which lets them adapt to alterations in the environment, giving them the potential to quickly develop resistance to therapeutics such as antimalarials and to change host specificity. In this article, selected topics involving the Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans are reviewed.

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来源期刊
Journal of Physiological Anthropology
Journal of Physiological Anthropology Social Sciences-Human Factors and Ergonomics
CiteScore
4.80
自引率
6.50%
发文量
39
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Journal of Physiological Anthropology (JPA) is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes research on the physiological functions of modern mankind, with an emphasis on the physical and bio-cultural effects on human adaptability to the current environment. The objective of JPA is to evaluate physiological adaptations to modern living environments, and to publish research from different scientific fields concerned with environmental impact on human life. Topic areas include, but are not limited to: environmental physiology bio-cultural environment living environment epigenetic adaptation development and growth age and sex differences nutrition and morphology physical fitness and health Journal of Physiological Anthropology is the official journal of the Japan Society of Physiological Anthropology.
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