Novel and Prospective Molecular Targets for Therapy of Intracranial Gliomas.

Multiple alterations in the expression levels of genes or proteins have been identified in gliomas, including activation of oncogenes and silencing of tumor suppressor genes. Illuminating these molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis and treatment resistance is necessary for the development of new therapies. With the promise of better effectiveness and less toxicity, the emphasis in drug development has moved from cytotoxic, non-specific chemotherapies to molecular targeted agents. However, despite progress in other areas of oncology, targeted therapy success stories in cases of brain tumors remain all but absent. Nonetheless, experiences from previous clinical trials suggest that a small number of unselected patients may benefit from such treatment. An increasing knowledge about related factors and prospective enrichment strategies now shape research and clinical trial design in neuro-oncology and may lead to improved outcomes after molecular targeted therapies of gliomas.