Cell death mechanisms in retinal phototoxicity

Retinal phototoxicity is the main mechanism by which light induces damage to the retina, the sensitive part of the eye. The impact of light on the different retinal layers varies depending on several factors including the wavelength of the incident light, its energy, and the exposure time. We propose an overview of the factors modulating the amount of light that reaches the retina, the type of damage, and the different cell death mechanisms triggered by phototoxicity to mediate cell demise in the retina. We also provide an analysis of the phototoxicity mechanisms induced by light depending on the lighting settings. Special interest is given to the influence of the emission spectrum on the induction of specific cell death pathways. Moreover, the existing literature on phototoxicity is reviewed by taking into consideration the used doses of light.