{"title":"规管Smad活动","authors":"Lan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.bbaexp.2006.11.001","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>TGF-β (<em>T</em>ransforming <em>G</em>rowth <em>F</em>actor-<em>β</em>) cytokines employ Smad proteins as the intracellular mediator of signaling. Upon TGF-β stimulation, the cytoplasmic Smads become phosphorylated and consequently accumulate in the nucleus to regulate target gene expression. The cytoplasm-to-nucleus redistribution of Smads, as well as the ability of Smads to activate or repress gene transcription, is under multiple layers of regulation by factors not limited to TGF-β. With recent advance in the knowledge of regulatory factors impinged on Smads, we are beginning to understand the complexity in cellular responses to TGF-β.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100161,"journal":{"name":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression","volume":"1759 11","pages":"Pages 503-513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bbaexp.2006.11.001","citationCount":"102","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Regulation of Smad activities\",\"authors\":\"Lan Xu\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.bbaexp.2006.11.001\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>TGF-β (<em>T</em>ransforming <em>G</em>rowth <em>F</em>actor-<em>β</em>) cytokines employ Smad proteins as the intracellular mediator of signaling. Upon TGF-β stimulation, the cytoplasmic Smads become phosphorylated and consequently accumulate in the nucleus to regulate target gene expression. The cytoplasm-to-nucleus redistribution of Smads, as well as the ability of Smads to activate or repress gene transcription, is under multiple layers of regulation by factors not limited to TGF-β. With recent advance in the knowledge of regulatory factors impinged on Smads, we are beginning to understand the complexity in cellular responses to TGF-β.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":100161,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression\",\"volume\":\"1759 11\",\"pages\":\"Pages 503-513\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2006-11-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bbaexp.2006.11.001\",\"citationCount\":\"102\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167478106001886\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167478106001886","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor-β) cytokines employ Smad proteins as the intracellular mediator of signaling. Upon TGF-β stimulation, the cytoplasmic Smads become phosphorylated and consequently accumulate in the nucleus to regulate target gene expression. The cytoplasm-to-nucleus redistribution of Smads, as well as the ability of Smads to activate or repress gene transcription, is under multiple layers of regulation by factors not limited to TGF-β. With recent advance in the knowledge of regulatory factors impinged on Smads, we are beginning to understand the complexity in cellular responses to TGF-β.
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