Structures and functions of multi-tRNA synthetase complexes.

Human body is a finely-tuned machine that requires homeostatic balance based on systemically controlled biological processes involving DNA replication, transcription, translation, and energy metabolism. Ubiquitously expressed aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been investigated for many decades, and they act as cross-over mediators of important biological processes. In particular, a cytoplasmic multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC) appears to be a central machinery controlling the complexity of biological systems. The structural integrity of MSC determined by the associated components is correlated with increasing biological complexity that links to system development in higher organisms. Although the role of the MSCs is still unclear, this chapter describes the current knowledge on MSC components that are associated with and regulate functions beyond their catalytic activities with focus on human MSC.