Chukwukasi Wilson Kassy, Chukwueloka Kingsley Uchegbu, Tuman Juliette Ango
{"title":"尼日利亚埃努古大都市路边和有组织的殴打者中与低阈值铅中毒相关的症状","authors":"Chukwukasi Wilson Kassy, Chukwueloka Kingsley Uchegbu, Tuman Juliette Ango","doi":"10.5696/2156-9614-11.29.210303","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is no safe level of human exposure to lead (Pb). Detecting common early symptoms of low threshold Pb poisoning can help to prevent the damaging effects of higher doses and chronic low dose exposures. Panel beaters or auto body mechanics are exposed to Pb through their occupational duties.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present study aimed to determine common early symptoms associated with lower threshold Pb poisoning among roadside and organized panel beaters in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a comparative cross-sectional study of 428 panel beaters in Enugu metropolis. A multi-stage sampling method was used to select 214 respondents each from the roadside and organized sectors. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Samples were collected under aseptic procedures. Blood Pb samples were extracted using the conventional wet acid digestion method and analyzed using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer (wavelength 283.3 nm). Comparative analysis was performed using the chi - square and Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Median Pb levels were 3.0 ug/dL and 16.0 ug/dL among roadside and organized panel beaters, respectively, with a significant difference. Numbness of limbs (P = 0.010) and fatigue (χ<sup>2</sup> = 5.294, P = 0.023) were found to be associated with roadside panel beaters, while weakness (χ<sup>2</sup> = 6.185, P = 0.019) and fatigue (χ<sup>2</sup> = 4.206, P = 0.046) were associated with organized panel beaters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nonspecific constitutional symptoms were common early symptoms of Pb poisoning irrespective of workplace occupational practices. These symptoms will help in early detection and control of occupational lead exposures.</p><p><strong>Participant consent: </strong>Obtained.</p><p><strong>Ethics approval: </strong>Ethics approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku Ozalla, Enugu.</p><p><strong>Competing interests: </strong>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p>","PeriodicalId":52138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health and Pollution","volume":"11 29","pages":"210303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8009647/pdf/","citationCount":"1","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Symptoms Associated with Low Threshold Lead Poisoning Among Roadside and Organized Panel Beaters in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria.\",\"authors\":\"Chukwukasi Wilson Kassy, Chukwueloka Kingsley Uchegbu, Tuman Juliette Ango\",\"doi\":\"10.5696/2156-9614-11.29.210303\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is no safe level of human exposure to lead (Pb). Detecting common early symptoms of low threshold Pb poisoning can help to prevent the damaging effects of higher doses and chronic low dose exposures. Panel beaters or auto body mechanics are exposed to Pb through their occupational duties.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present study aimed to determine common early symptoms associated with lower threshold Pb poisoning among roadside and organized panel beaters in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a comparative cross-sectional study of 428 panel beaters in Enugu metropolis. A multi-stage sampling method was used to select 214 respondents each from the roadside and organized sectors. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Samples were collected under aseptic procedures. Blood Pb samples were extracted using the conventional wet acid digestion method and analyzed using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer (wavelength 283.3 nm). Comparative analysis was performed using the chi - square and Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Median Pb levels were 3.0 ug/dL and 16.0 ug/dL among roadside and organized panel beaters, respectively, with a significant difference. Numbness of limbs (P = 0.010) and fatigue (χ<sup>2</sup> = 5.294, P = 0.023) were found to be associated with roadside panel beaters, while weakness (χ<sup>2</sup> = 6.185, P = 0.019) and fatigue (χ<sup>2</sup> = 4.206, P = 0.046) were associated with organized panel beaters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nonspecific constitutional symptoms were common early symptoms of Pb poisoning irrespective of workplace occupational practices. These symptoms will help in early detection and control of occupational lead exposures.</p><p><strong>Participant consent: </strong>Obtained.</p><p><strong>Ethics approval: </strong>Ethics approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku Ozalla, Enugu.</p><p><strong>Competing interests: </strong>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":52138,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Health and Pollution\",\"volume\":\"11 29\",\"pages\":\"210303\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2021-02-25\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8009647/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"1\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Health and Pollution\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-11.29.210303\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2021/3/1 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"eCollection\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"Medicine\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Health and Pollution","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-11.29.210303","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2021/3/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"Medicine","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
摘要
背景:人类接触铅(Pb)没有安全水平。检测低阈值铅中毒的常见早期症状有助于预防高剂量和慢性低剂量暴露的破坏性影响。面板敲打工或汽车车身修理工通过他们的职业职责接触到铅。目的:本研究旨在确定在尼日利亚埃努古大都会的路边和有组织的殴打者中与低阈值铅中毒相关的常见早期症状。方法:对埃努古市428名打板者进行比较横断面研究。采用多阶段抽样方法，从路边和有组织的部门中各选择214名受访者。数据收集采用半结构化访谈问卷。样品在无菌程序下采集。血铅样品采用常规湿酸消解法提取，火焰原子吸收光谱仪(波长283.3 nm)分析。比较分析采用卡方检验和Mann-Whitney U检验。差异有统计学意义，P < 0.05。结果:路边殴打者和有组织殴打者的中位铅水平分别为3.0 ug/dL和16.0 ug/dL，差异有统计学意义。路边殴打者主要表现为四肢麻木(P = 0.010)和疲劳(χ2 = 5.294, P = 0.023)，有组织殴打者主要表现为虚弱(χ2 = 6.185, P = 0.019)和疲劳(χ2 = 4.206, P = 0.046)。结论:非特异性体质症状是铅中毒的常见早期症状，与工作场所的职业实践无关。这些症状将有助于早期发现和控制职业性铅接触。参与者同意:已获取。伦理批准:获得埃努古伊图库·奥扎拉尼日利亚大学教学医院卫生研究伦理委员会的伦理批准。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
Symptoms Associated with Low Threshold Lead Poisoning Among Roadside and Organized Panel Beaters in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria.
Background: There is no safe level of human exposure to lead (Pb). Detecting common early symptoms of low threshold Pb poisoning can help to prevent the damaging effects of higher doses and chronic low dose exposures. Panel beaters or auto body mechanics are exposed to Pb through their occupational duties.
Objectives: The present study aimed to determine common early symptoms associated with lower threshold Pb poisoning among roadside and organized panel beaters in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria.
Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study of 428 panel beaters in Enugu metropolis. A multi-stage sampling method was used to select 214 respondents each from the roadside and organized sectors. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Samples were collected under aseptic procedures. Blood Pb samples were extracted using the conventional wet acid digestion method and analyzed using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer (wavelength 283.3 nm). Comparative analysis was performed using the chi - square and Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
Results: Median Pb levels were 3.0 ug/dL and 16.0 ug/dL among roadside and organized panel beaters, respectively, with a significant difference. Numbness of limbs (P = 0.010) and fatigue (χ2 = 5.294, P = 0.023) were found to be associated with roadside panel beaters, while weakness (χ2 = 6.185, P = 0.019) and fatigue (χ2 = 4.206, P = 0.046) were associated with organized panel beaters.
Conclusions: Nonspecific constitutional symptoms were common early symptoms of Pb poisoning irrespective of workplace occupational practices. These symptoms will help in early detection and control of occupational lead exposures.
Participant consent: Obtained.
Ethics approval: Ethics approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku Ozalla, Enugu.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Health and Pollution (JH&P) was initiated with funding from the European Union and World Bank and continues to be a Platinum Open Access Journal. There are no publication or viewing charges. That is, there are no charges to readers or authors. Upon peer-review and acceptance, all articles are made available online. The high-ranking editorial board is comprised of active members who participate in JH&P submissions and editorial policies. The Journal of Health and Pollution welcomes manuscripts based on original research as well as findings from re-interpretation and examination of existing data. JH&P focuses on point source pollution, related health impacts, environmental control and remediation technology. JH&P also has an interest in ambient and indoor pollution. Pollutants of particular interest include heavy metals, pesticides, radionuclides, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), air particulates (PM10 and PM2.5), and other severe and persistent toxins. JH&P emphasizes work relating directly to low and middle-income countries, however relevant work relating to high-income countries will be considered on a case-by-case basis.
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