When Race Was Removed from Racism: Per Engdahl, the Networks that Saved Fascism and the Making of the Concept of Ethnopluralism.

However false, the idea that victory over Germany in 1945 was synonymous with victory over the ideologies behind the war— Nazism and Jewhatred— has lingered on in media narratives and the collective consciousness. Alongside new moral codes that emerged in the years following the peace— such as the legitimation of democracy, the Nuremberg Code on medical experimentation, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the prevalent slogan “Never Again”— ideologies of hatred developed across complex international networks. With par tic u lar attention to Sweden, in this article I will trace how personal and intellectual networks revived Nazi ideas using new words, such as culture, identity, and enthnopluralism. “Swedish Fascism— Why Bother?” asked historian Lena Berggren in 2002, noting that the influence of interwar fascism had been ignored by scholars because the po liti cal ideology had indisputably failed in Swedish elections.1 In a notable 1980 article, Bernt Hagtvet focused on vari ous groups (not the ideas) and their fracturing,2 but despite the historian Heléne